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(HealthNewsDigest.com) – UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — What do Moby Dick, the Salem witch trials and alien abductions all have in common? They all circle back to sleep paralysis.
Less than 8 percent of the general population experiences sleep
paralysis, but it is more frequent in two groups — students and
psychiatric patients — according to a new study by psychologists at Penn State and the University of Pennsylvania.
Sleep paralysis is defined as “a discrete period of time during which
voluntary muscle movement is inhibited, yet ocular and respiratory
movements are intact,” the researchers state in the current issue of Sleep
Medicine Reviews. Hallucinations may also be present in these transitions
to or from sleep.
Alien abductions and incubi and succubi, as well as other demons that
attack while people are asleep, are implicated as different cultural
interpretations of sleep paralysis. The Salem witch trials are now thought
possibly to involve the townspeople experiencing sleep paralysis. And in
the 19th-century novel Moby Dick, the main character Ishmael experiences
an episode of sleep paralysis in the form of a malevolent presence in the
room.
Brian A. Sharpless, clinical assistant professor of psychology and
assistant director of the psychological clinic at Penn State, noted that
some people who experience these episodes may regularly try to avoid going
to sleep because of the unpleasant sensations they experience. But other
people enjoy the sensations they feel during sleep paralysis.
“I realized that there were no real sleep paralysis prevalence rates
available that were based on large and diverse samples,” Sharpless said.
“So I combined data from my previous study with 34 other studies in order
to determine how common it was in different groups.”
He looked at a total of 35 published studies from the past 50 years to
find lifetime sleep paralysis rates. These studies surveyed a total of
36,533 people. Overall he found that about one-fifth of these people
experienced an episode at least once. Frequency of sleep paralysis ranged
from once in a lifetime to every night.
When looking at specific groups, 28 percent of students reported
experiencing sleep paralysis, while nearly 32 percent of psychiatric
patients reported experiencing at least one episode. People with panic
disorder were even more likely to experience sleep paralysis, and almost
35 percent of those surveyed reported experiencing these episodes. Sleep
paralysis also appears to be more common in non-Caucasians.
“Sleep paralysis should be assessed more regularly and uniformly in order
to determine its impact on individual functioning and better articulate
its relation to other psychiatric and medical conditions,” said Sharpless.
He looked at a broad range of samples, and papers were included from many
different countries.
People experience three basic types of hallucinations during sleep
paralysis — the presence of an intruder, pressure on the chest sometimes
accompanied by physical and/or sexual assault experiences and levitation
or out-of-body experiences.
Up to this point there has been little research conducted on how to
alleviate sleep paralysis or whether or not people experience episodes
throughout their lives.
“I want to better understand how sleep paralysis affects people, as
opposed to simply knowing that they experience it,” said Sharpless. “I
want to see how it impacts their lives.”
Sharpless hopes to look at relationships between sleep paralysis and
post-traumatic stress disorder in the future.
This research was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental
Health.
Also working on this research was Jacques P. Barber, professor of
psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
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